Eritrea

Country Eritrea
Capital Asmara
Continent Africa
Currency Nakfa(ERN)
Languages Tigrinya, Arabic & English

Information

Introduction

The UN awarded Eritrea to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. Eritrea hosted a UN peacekeeping operation that monitored a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) on the border with Ethiopia. Eritrea's denial of fuel to the mission caused the UN to withdraw the mission and terminate its mandate 31 July 2008. An international commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its findings in 2002. However, both parties have been unable to reach agreement on implementing the decision. On 30 November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission remotely demarcated the border by coordinates and dissolved itself, leaving Ethiopia still occupying several tracts of disputed territory, including the town of Badme. Eritrea accepted the EEBC's "virtual demarcation" decision and called on Ethiopia to remove its troops from the TSZ that it states is Eritrean territory. Ethiopia has not accepted the virtual demarcation decision.

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References

Eritrea - Wikipedia
Eritrea - CIA World Fact Book
Eritrea - BBC
Eritrea - Timeline - BBC

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News Headlines

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Eritrea's Mulueberhan grabs Yellow Jersey at penultimate stage of Tour of Magnificent Qinghai - XinhuaEritrea's Mulueberhan grabs Yellow Jersey at penultimate stage of Tour of Magnificent Qinghai  Xinhua

Uzbekistan, Eritrea to establish diplomatic relations - AnewZUzbekistan, Eritrea to establish diplomatic relations  AnewZ

UN rights council rejects Eritrea’s bid to end human rights investigation - Al JazeeraUN rights council rejects Eritrea’s bid to end human rights investigation  Al Jazeera

Rusted screws, metal spikes and plastic rubbish: the horrific sexual violence used against Tigray’s women - The GuardianRusted screws, metal spikes and plastic rubbish: the horrific sexual violence used against Tigray’s women  The Guardian

Ethiopia-Eritrea: People embrace at the border demanding peace - BBCEthiopia-Eritrea: People embrace at the border demanding peace  BBC

Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki: Three decades, one leader - how independence hopes were dashed - BBCEritrean President Isaias Afwerki: Three decades, one leader - how independence hopes were dashed  BBC

UN Rights Council Rejects Bad-Faith Bid to End Eritrea Scrutiny - Human Rights WatchUN Rights Council Rejects Bad-Faith Bid to End Eritrea Scrutiny  Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Council Members Should Reject Eritrea’s Bid to End Scrutiny - Human Rights WatchHuman Rights Council Members Should Reject Eritrea’s Bid to End Scrutiny  Human Rights Watch

Eritrea - InventaEritrea  Inventa

Rising tensions in the Horn of Africa - GIS ReportsRising tensions in the Horn of Africa  GIS Reports

Behind Eritrea’s Standoff with the UN Human Rights Mandate - DNE AfricaBehind Eritrea’s Standoff with the UN Human Rights Mandate  DNE Africa

Atrocity Alert No. 445: Sudan, Syria and Eritrea - Global Centre for the Responsibility to ProtectAtrocity Alert No. 445: Sudan, Syria and Eritrea  Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect

Asmara, Eritrea, A New Era of African Tourism Begins with This Untouched Architectural Gem, New Updates You Need to Know - Travel And Tour WorldAsmara, Eritrea, A New Era of African Tourism Begins with This Untouched Architectural Gem, New Updates You Need to Know  Travel And Tour World

Eritrea seeks to end mandate of UN expert investigating abuses, document shows - ReutersEritrea seeks to end mandate of UN expert investigating abuses, document shows  Reuters

The Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability - orfonline.orgThe Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability  orfonline.org

Eritrea National Day - U.S. Department of State (.gov)Eritrea National Day  U.S. Department of State (.gov)

The State of Eritrea Signs its Third Country Programme Framework (CPF) for 2024-2028 - International Atomic Energy AgencyThe State of Eritrea Signs its Third Country Programme Framework (CPF) for 2024-2028  International Atomic Energy Agency

Back from the brink: How European support could prevent another Ethiopia-Eritrea war - European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)Back from the brink: How European support could prevent another Ethiopia-Eritrea war  European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)

Sudan Nashra: Military moves warplanes to Eritrea, strikes Nyala, opens new front in North Kordofan | UAE engages Sudan via Cairo, Addis Ababa | Hemedti renews accusations against Egypt, threatens to strike north - ??? ???Sudan Nashra: Military moves warplanes to Eritrea, strikes Nyala, opens new front in North Kordofan | UAE engages Sudan via Cairo, Addis Ababa | Hemedti renews accusations against Egypt, threatens to strike north  ??? ???

Eritrea's Mulueberhan wins longest stage of Tour of Magnificent Qinghai - XinhuaEritrea's Mulueberhan wins longest stage of Tour of Magnificent Qinghai  Xinhua

Are Ethiopia and Eritrea hurtling towards war? - Al JazeeraAre Ethiopia and Eritrea hurtling towards war?  Al Jazeera

CPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea’s human rights record - Committee to Protect JournalistsCPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea’s human rights record  Committee to Protect Journalists

Away from the global spotlight, Eritreans are trapped in a garrison state - Al JazeeraAway from the global spotlight, Eritreans are trapped in a garrison state  Al Jazeera

Digital 2025: Eritrea - DataReportal – Global Digital InsightsDigital 2025: Eritrea  DataReportal – Global Digital Insights

Year of Impact: Eritrea’s Resident Coordinator on Turning Challenge into Change - United Nations Sustainable Development GroupYear of Impact: Eritrea’s Resident Coordinator on Turning Challenge into Change  United Nations Sustainable Development Group

A dangerous frenemy: Averting a showdown between Eritrea and Ethiopia - ClingendaelA dangerous frenemy: Averting a showdown between Eritrea and Ethiopia  Clingendael

Eritrea: Training on Financial and Material Management - ZAWYAEritrea: Training on Financial and Material Management  ZAWYA

Sudan’s Burhan arrives in Turkey on heels of Eritrea visit, key victories - AL-MonitorSudan’s Burhan arrives in Turkey on heels of Eritrea visit, key victories  AL-Monitor

Strategies for integrating residential PV and wind energy in Eritrea’s electricity grid by imposing feed-in constraints in low voltage network - ScienceDirect.comStrategies for integrating residential PV and wind energy in Eritrea’s electricity grid by imposing feed-in constraints in low voltage network  ScienceDirect.com

Egypt, Eritrea Reaffirm Strong Bilateral Ties and Regional Cooperation - Sada Elbalad englishEgypt, Eritrea Reaffirm Strong Bilateral Ties and Regional Cooperation  Sada Elbalad english

Egypt, Eritrea vow stronger ties after Cairo’s pledge to boost Somalia security - HiiraanEgypt, Eritrea vow stronger ties after Cairo’s pledge to boost Somalia security  Hiiraan

Eritrea: Training on Organic Fertilizer Preparation - ZAWYAEritrea: Training on Organic Fertilizer Preparation  ZAWYA

Highlights from the Crisis Response Initiative in Eritrea - IFADHighlights from the Crisis Response Initiative in Eritrea  IFAD

To avoid another conflict in the Horn of Africa, now is the time to act - Al JazeeraTo avoid another conflict in the Horn of Africa, now is the time to act  Al Jazeera

Power struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea - The GuardianPower struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea  The Guardian

Tensions in Tigray could spark war between Ethiopia and Eritrea – disaster must be avoided - Chatham HouseTensions in Tigray could spark war between Ethiopia and Eritrea – disaster must be avoided  Chatham House

World Report 2025: Rights Trends in Eritrea - Human Rights WatchWorld Report 2025: Rights Trends in Eritrea  Human Rights Watch

Is War Between Ethiopia, Eritrea Brewing in Tigray? - Africa Defense ForumIs War Between Ethiopia, Eritrea Brewing in Tigray?  Africa Defense Forum

UN Human Rights Council 59: UK Statement for the Special Rapporteur on Eritrea - GOV.UKUN Human Rights Council 59: UK Statement for the Special Rapporteur on Eritrea  GOV.UK

Sudan paramilitary drone strike hits border city near Eritrea - The New ArabSudan paramilitary drone strike hits border city near Eritrea  The New Arab

Authoritarian Ambitions and Regional Instability: The Looming War between Ethiopia-Eritrea - Modern DiplomacyAuthoritarian Ambitions and Regional Instability: The Looming War between Ethiopia-Eritrea  Modern Diplomacy

Time to Sanction Eritrea – Again - Modern DiplomacyTime to Sanction Eritrea – Again  Modern Diplomacy

Expert Comment: The possibility of war between Ethiopia and Eritrea - ACLEDExpert Comment: The possibility of war between Ethiopia and Eritrea  ACLED

Severe Repression in Eritrea Has Prompted Decades of Exodus - migrationpolicy.orgSevere Repression in Eritrea Has Prompted Decades of Exodus  migrationpolicy.org

Eritrea: Turning Challenge into Change - Welcome to the United NationsEritrea: Turning Challenge into Change  Welcome to the United Nations

Germany: Police raids target Eritrean terror group - DWGermany: Police raids target Eritrean terror group  DW

Investing in rural people in Eritrea - IFADInvesting in rural people in Eritrea  IFAD

Ethiopia rules out conflict with Eritrea over Red Sea access - Al JazeeraEthiopia rules out conflict with Eritrea over Red Sea access  Al Jazeera

Eritrea fails in bid to end UN human rights probe - TRT GlobalEritrea fails in bid to end UN human rights probe  TRT Global

Ethiopia does not want war with Eritrea, says PM Abiy Ahmed - BBCEthiopia does not want war with Eritrea, says PM Abiy Ahmed  BBC

A Mandate Built on Politics, Not Principle: Time for the Human Rights Council to Reassess Eritrea - The America TimesA Mandate Built on Politics, Not Principle: Time for the Human Rights Council to Reassess Eritrea  The America Times

Using Science, Technology, and Innovation to deliver results for Eritrea – UN Technology Bank’s Visit to Eritrea - Welcome to the United NationsUsing Science, Technology, and Innovation to deliver results for Eritrea – UN Technology Bank’s Visit to Eritrea  Welcome to the United Nations

Explainer: Why are Ethiopia and Eritrea on the brink of a possible war? - ReutersExplainer: Why are Ethiopia and Eritrea on the brink of a possible war?  Reuters

New Ge‘ez Missal to serve unity among Ethiopian, Eritrean Catholics - Vatican NewsNew Ge‘ez Missal to serve unity among Ethiopian, Eritrean Catholics  Vatican News

Ethiopia’s Dangerous Descent: The Road to War with Eritrea After the Siege of Tigray - Modern DiplomacyEthiopia’s Dangerous Descent: The Road to War with Eritrea After the Siege of Tigray  Modern Diplomacy

Ethiopia and Eritrea Slide Closer to War amid Tigray Upheaval - International Crisis GroupEthiopia and Eritrea Slide Closer to War amid Tigray Upheaval  International Crisis Group

Rethinking American Foreign Policy Toward Eritrea: The Need for Nuance - Modern DiplomacyRethinking American Foreign Policy Toward Eritrea: The Need for Nuance  Modern Diplomacy

Eritrea Confronted at the U.N. Over Rampant Human Rights Abuses - UN WatchEritrea Confronted at the U.N. Over Rampant Human Rights Abuses  UN Watch

Eritrea: Contribution towards Augmenting Martyrs Trust Fund - ZAWYAEritrea: Contribution towards Augmenting Martyrs Trust Fund  ZAWYA

Paramilitary drone hits Sudan airport near Eritrea: pro-army source - Arab NewsParamilitary drone hits Sudan airport near Eritrea: pro-army source  Arab News

Civic Space still Under Siege in Eritrea - CIVICUS Global AllianceCivic Space still Under Siege in Eritrea  CIVICUS Global Alliance

Azerbaijan announces return of 18 citizens from detained vessels in Eritrea - Anadolu AjansiAzerbaijan announces return of 18 citizens from detained vessels in Eritrea  Anadolu Ajansi

Indefinite Instability: Rule of Law in Eritrea - The Borgen ProjectIndefinite Instability: Rule of Law in Eritrea  The Borgen Project

Eritrea accuses Ethiopia of using diplomatic communications to ‘rationalize and ignite conflict’ - Addis StandardEritrea accuses Ethiopia of using diplomatic communications to ‘rationalize and ignite conflict’  Addis Standard

Eritrea's conflicts also being fought out in Germany - DWEritrea's conflicts also being fought out in Germany  DW

Independent, Sovereign Eritrea Stays the Course - Black Agenda ReportIndependent, Sovereign Eritrea Stays the Course  Black Agenda Report

Factors influencing attrition among adults in HIV care at two referral hospitals in northern coastal Eritrea from 2005 to 2021 - NatureFactors influencing attrition among adults in HIV care at two referral hospitals in northern coastal Eritrea from 2005 to 2021  Nature

Azerbaijan protests to Eritrea over detention of three vessels and crews - ReutersAzerbaijan protests to Eritrea over detention of three vessels and crews  Reuters

Eritrea: Washington’s Surprising Partner in Africa’s Most Unstable Corner - Modern DiplomacyEritrea: Washington’s Surprising Partner in Africa’s Most Unstable Corner  Modern Diplomacy

Desert to Power: The African Development Bank Group, Eritrea sign agreement for 12 MW mini-grid project - African Development Bank GroupDesert to Power: The African Development Bank Group, Eritrea sign agreement for 12 MW mini-grid project  African Development Bank Group

Egypt, Eritrea discuss regional stability, Red Sea security - DailynewsegyptEgypt, Eritrea discuss regional stability, Red Sea security  Dailynewsegypt

Can Eritrea’s mining sector flourish under autocratic rule? - bne IntelliNewsCan Eritrea’s mining sector flourish under autocratic rule?  bne IntelliNews

Eritrea - General DebateEritrea  General Debate

Message of Congratulations from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission on the Occasion of Eritrea’s Independence Day - African UnionMessage of Congratulations from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission on the Occasion of Eritrea’s Independence Day  African Union

Ethiopia and Eritrea on path to war, Tigray officials warn - ReutersEthiopia and Eritrea on path to war, Tigray officials warn  Reuters

Stop the Next Ethiopia-Eritrea War Before It Begins - Foreign PolicyStop the Next Ethiopia-Eritrea War Before It Begins  Foreign Policy

Masar iyo Eritrea oo ka wada hadlay xaaladda Geeska Afrika kadib Booqashadii Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ee Masar - HiiraanMasar iyo Eritrea oo ka wada hadlay xaaladda Geeska Afrika kadib Booqashadii Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ee Masar  Hiiraan

The World’s Longest-Jailed Writers and Journalists: What we know about the writers and journalists detained for more than 20 years in Eritrea - PEN AmericaThe World’s Longest-Jailed Writers and Journalists: What we know about the writers and journalists detained for more than 20 years in Eritrea  PEN America

Uzbekistan Establishes Diplomatic Relations with Eritrea - Zamin.uzUzbekistan Establishes Diplomatic Relations with Eritrea  Zamin.uz

‘It was almost a relief when someone died’: former prisoners on the torture and terror of Eritrea’s secret prisons - The Guardian‘It was almost a relief when someone died’: former prisoners on the torture and terror of Eritrea’s secret prisons  The Guardian

Eritrean, Somali leaders discuss stability amid regional tensions - VOA - Voice of America English NewsEritrean, Somali leaders discuss stability amid regional tensions  VOA - Voice of America English News

Ethiopia and Eritrea, On a Collision Course - International Crisis GroupEthiopia and Eritrea, On a Collision Course  International Crisis Group

Instrumentalizing Terror: The Long Arm of Transnational Repression in Eritrea and Algeria - African ArgumentsInstrumentalizing Terror: The Long Arm of Transnational Repression in Eritrea and Algeria  African Arguments

Allegations of TPLF faction’s outreach to Eritrea: Strategic disarray or desperation? - Addis StandardAllegations of TPLF faction’s outreach to Eritrea: Strategic disarray or desperation?  Addis Standard

Can Eritrea Be a Force for Stability After Its Dictator’s Fall? - Middle East ForumCan Eritrea Be a Force for Stability After Its Dictator’s Fall?  Middle East Forum

Eritrea: Adopt a strong resolution extending the Special Rapporteur’s mandate - Global Centre for the Responsibility to ProtectEritrea: Adopt a strong resolution extending the Special Rapporteur’s mandate  Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect

Institute for the Study of War - Institute for the Study of WarInstitute for the Study of War  Institute for the Study of War

UN Human Rights Council 58: UK Statement at the Enhanced Interactive Dialogue on Eritrea - GOV.UKUN Human Rights Council 58: UK Statement at the Enhanced Interactive Dialogue on Eritrea  GOV.UK

Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tigray are sleepwalking into war - Arab NewsEthiopia, Eritrea, and Tigray are sleepwalking into war  Arab News

Congo, Chad, Eritrea, Sudan and Somalia hit by U.S. travel ban - africanews.comCongo, Chad, Eritrea, Sudan and Somalia hit by U.S. travel ban  africanews.com

European Union in Eritrea – MD Africa visits Asmara - EEASEuropean Union in Eritrea – MD Africa visits Asmara  EEAS

Eritrea Has Become Iran's Proxy – and a Strategic Threat to Israel and the U.S. - HaaretzEritrea Has Become Iran's Proxy – and a Strategic Threat to Israel and the U.S.  Haaretz

Germany raids group accused of plotting against Eritrean government - EuronewsGermany raids group accused of plotting against Eritrean government  Euronews

Somalia, Eritrea and Egypt pledge to bolster security ties - Al JazeeraSomalia, Eritrea and Egypt pledge to bolster security ties  Al Jazeera

Are Ethiopia and Eritrea Rolling Toward War? - Hudson InstituteAre Ethiopia and Eritrea Rolling Toward War?  Hudson Institute

Eritrea breaks west's Red Sea chokehold, pivots to Iran, Russia, China - thecradle.coEritrea breaks west's Red Sea chokehold, pivots to Iran, Russia, China  thecradle.co

Eritrea ivuga ko inama ya Afwerki, Sisi na Hassan Sheikh itareba Ethiopia - BBCEritrea ivuga ko inama ya Afwerki, Sisi na Hassan Sheikh itareba Ethiopia  BBC

Eritrea Is the North Korea of Africa: America Must Act - American Enterprise InstituteEritrea Is the North Korea of Africa: America Must Act  American Enterprise Institute

Ethiopian minister's interview distorted to claim she issued stern warning to Eritrean leader - Fact Check AFPEthiopian minister's interview distorted to claim she issued stern warning to Eritrean leader  Fact Check AFP

Eritrean refugees describe police crackdown in Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa - BBCEritrean refugees describe police crackdown in Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa  BBC