Eritrea

Country Eritrea
Capital Asmara
Continent Africa
Currency Nakfa(ERN)
Languages Tigrinya, Arabic & English

Information

Introduction

The UN awarded Eritrea to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. Eritrea hosted a UN peacekeeping operation that monitored a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) on the border with Ethiopia. Eritrea's denial of fuel to the mission caused the UN to withdraw the mission and terminate its mandate 31 July 2008. An international commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its findings in 2002. However, both parties have been unable to reach agreement on implementing the decision. On 30 November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission remotely demarcated the border by coordinates and dissolved itself, leaving Ethiopia still occupying several tracts of disputed territory, including the town of Badme. Eritrea accepted the EEBC's "virtual demarcation" decision and called on Ethiopia to remove its troops from the TSZ that it states is Eritrean territory. Ethiopia has not accepted the virtual demarcation decision.

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References

Eritrea - Wikipedia
Eritrea - CIA World Fact Book
Eritrea - BBC
Eritrea - Timeline - BBC

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UN rights council rejects Eritrea’s bid to end human rights investigation - Al JazeeraUN rights council rejects Eritrea’s bid to end human rights investigation  Al Jazeera

This African country has no mobile internet access; here’s the surprising truth behind its digital blacko - Times of IndiaThis African country has no mobile internet access; here’s the surprising truth behind its digital blacko  Times of India

UN Rights Council Rejects Bad-Faith Bid to End Eritrea Scrutiny - Human Rights WatchUN Rights Council Rejects Bad-Faith Bid to End Eritrea Scrutiny  Human Rights Watch

The Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability - orfonline.orgThe Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability  orfonline.org

Ethiopian Airlines still unable to recover Eritrean funds - ch-aviationEthiopian Airlines still unable to recover Eritrean funds  ch-aviation

Ethiopia Could Still Avert the Next War With Eritrea - Foreign PolicyEthiopia Could Still Avert the Next War With Eritrea  Foreign Policy

Eritrea’s Cruel Imprisonment of Two Sisters Over the Age of 80 Reaches One-Year Mark - JW.ORGEritrea’s Cruel Imprisonment of Two Sisters Over the Age of 80 Reaches One-Year Mark  JW.ORG

Eritrea National Day - U.S. Department of State (.gov)Eritrea National Day  U.S. Department of State (.gov)

Are Eritrea and Ethiopia already at war? - Pan African ReviewAre Eritrea and Ethiopia already at war?  Pan African Review

Sudan Nashra: Military moves warplanes to Eritrea, strikes Nyala, opens new front in North Kordofan | UAE engages Sudan via Cairo, Addis Ababa | Hemedti renews accusations against Egypt, threatens to strike north - ??? ???Sudan Nashra: Military moves warplanes to Eritrea, strikes Nyala, opens new front in North Kordofan | UAE engages Sudan via Cairo, Addis Ababa | Hemedti renews accusations against Egypt, threatens to strike north  ??? ???

Back from the brink: How European support could prevent another Ethiopia-Eritrea war - European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)Back from the brink: How European support could prevent another Ethiopia-Eritrea war  European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)

Year of Impact: Eritrea’s Resident Coordinator on Turning Challenge into Change - UN Sustainable Development GroupYear of Impact: Eritrea’s Resident Coordinator on Turning Challenge into Change  UN Sustainable Development Group

A Reckless Fantasy Threatening Regional Stability and International Law - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationA Reckless Fantasy Threatening Regional Stability and International Law  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

A dangerous frenemy: Averting a showdown between Eritrea and Ethiopia - ClingendaelA dangerous frenemy: Averting a showdown between Eritrea and Ethiopia  Clingendael

Sudan’s Burhan arrives in Turkey on heels of Eritrea visit, key victories - AL-MonitorSudan’s Burhan arrives in Turkey on heels of Eritrea visit, key victories  AL-Monitor

The enemy of my enemy is my friend - Africa Is a CountryThe enemy of my enemy is my friend  Africa Is a Country

Why Ethiopia’s Tigray could be on the brink of another conflict - Al JazeeraWhy Ethiopia’s Tigray could be on the brink of another conflict  Al Jazeera

Human Rights Council Members Should Reject Eritrea’s Bid to End Scrutiny - Human Rights WatchHuman Rights Council Members Should Reject Eritrea’s Bid to End Scrutiny  Human Rights Watch

Are Ethiopia and Eritrea hurtling towards war? - Al JazeeraAre Ethiopia and Eritrea hurtling towards war?  Al Jazeera

Away from the global spotlight, Eritreans are trapped in a garrison state - Al JazeeraAway from the global spotlight, Eritreans are trapped in a garrison state  Al Jazeera

The State of Eritrea Signs its Third Country Programme Framework (CPF) for 2024-2028 - IAEAThe State of Eritrea Signs its Third Country Programme Framework (CPF) for 2024-2028  IAEA

Atrocity Alert No. 445: Sudan, Syria and Eritrea - Global Centre for the Responsibility to ProtectAtrocity Alert No. 445: Sudan, Syria and Eritrea  Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect

Eritrea: We Won’t Kneel Down - Black Agenda ReportEritrea: We Won’t Kneel Down  Black Agenda Report

2024 FGM Country Snapshot: Eritrea - unfpa.org2024 FGM Country Snapshot: Eritrea  unfpa.org

Eritrea: International Literacy Day Observed at National Level - ZAWYAEritrea: International Literacy Day Observed at National Level  ZAWYA

CPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea’s human rights record - Committee to Protect JournalistsCPJ, 31 others call for UN scrutiny of Eritrea’s human rights record  Committee to Protect Journalists

Ethiopia-Eritrea: People embrace at the border demanding peace - BBCEthiopia-Eritrea: People embrace at the border demanding peace  BBC

Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki: Three decades, one leader - how independence hopes were dashed - BBCEritrean President Isaias Afwerki: Three decades, one leader - how independence hopes were dashed  BBC

The UN Human Rights Council must renew mandate of Special Rapporteur on Eritrea - Amnesty InternationalThe UN Human Rights Council must renew mandate of Special Rapporteur on Eritrea  Amnesty International

Mali, Mauritania and Eritrea become the latest locations for online maritime fraud - Lloyd's ListMali, Mauritania and Eritrea become the latest locations for online maritime fraud  Lloyd's List

Strategies for integrating residential PV and wind energy in Eritrea’s electricity grid by imposing feed-in constraints in low voltage network - ScienceDirect.comStrategies for integrating residential PV and wind energy in Eritrea’s electricity grid by imposing feed-in constraints in low voltage network  ScienceDirect.com

Rising tensions in the Horn of Africa - GIS ReportsRising tensions in the Horn of Africa  GIS Reports

Highlights from the Crisis Response Initiative in Eritrea - IFADHighlights from the Crisis Response Initiative in Eritrea  IFAD

Tensions Rise as Ethiopia, Eritrea Threaten War - Africa Defense ForumTensions Rise as Ethiopia, Eritrea Threaten War  Africa Defense Forum

Eritrea’s resentment and Ethiopia’s Red Sea push unsettle the Horn - The EastAfricanEritrea’s resentment and Ethiopia’s Red Sea push unsettle the Horn  The EastAfrican

Isaias Afwerki: My Struggle for Eritrea and Africa - Black Agenda ReportIsaias Afwerki: My Struggle for Eritrea and Africa  Black Agenda Report

Ethiopian Prime Minister Issues Warning to Somalia, Egypt, Eritrea Over Red Sea Access - Garowe OnlineEthiopian Prime Minister Issues Warning to Somalia, Egypt, Eritrea Over Red Sea Access  Garowe Online

Crackdown in Quatit: Arrests and Isolation Deepen Tensions in Southern Eritrea - IDN-InDepthNewsCrackdown in Quatit: Arrests and Isolation Deepen Tensions in Southern Eritrea  IDN-InDepthNews

Eritrea: Turning Challenge into Change - Welcome to the United NationsEritrea: Turning Challenge into Change  Welcome to the United Nations

To avoid another conflict in the Horn of Africa, now is the time to act - Al JazeeraTo avoid another conflict in the Horn of Africa, now is the time to act  Al Jazeera

Power struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea - The GuardianPower struggle leads to coup in Tigray as war looms between Ethiopia and Eritrea  The Guardian

Eritrea seeks to end mandate of UN expert investigating abuses, document shows - ReutersEritrea seeks to end mandate of UN expert investigating abuses, document shows  Reuters

Rusted screws, metal spikes and plastic rubbish: the horrific sexual violence used against Tigray’s women - The GuardianRusted screws, metal spikes and plastic rubbish: the horrific sexual violence used against Tigray’s women  The Guardian

World Report 2025: Rights Trends in Eritrea - Human Rights WatchWorld Report 2025: Rights Trends in Eritrea  Human Rights Watch

Digital 2025: Eritrea - DataReportal – Global Digital InsightsDigital 2025: Eritrea  DataReportal – Global Digital Insights

Tensions in Tigray could spark war between Ethiopia and Eritrea – disaster must be avoided - Chatham HouseTensions in Tigray could spark war between Ethiopia and Eritrea – disaster must be avoided  Chatham House

Time to Sanction Eritrea – Again - Modern DiplomacyTime to Sanction Eritrea – Again  Modern Diplomacy

Severe Repression in Eritrea Has Prompted Decades of Exodus - migrationpolicy.orgSevere Repression in Eritrea Has Prompted Decades of Exodus  migrationpolicy.org

Authoritarian Ambitions and Regional Instability: The Looming War between Ethiopia-Eritrea - Modern DiplomacyAuthoritarian Ambitions and Regional Instability: The Looming War between Ethiopia-Eritrea  Modern Diplomacy

A look at Eritrea's role as new Tigray war looms in Ethiopia - DWA look at Eritrea's role as new Tigray war looms in Ethiopia  DW

Is War Between Ethiopia, Eritrea Brewing in Tigray? - Africa Defense ForumIs War Between Ethiopia, Eritrea Brewing in Tigray?  Africa Defense Forum

Five lessons from Eritrea’s self-reliance in an era of global aid cuts - TRT EspañolFive lessons from Eritrea’s self-reliance in an era of global aid cuts  TRT Español

#Ethiopia: #Tigray interim president warns of “visible cloud of war,” urges federal government to fully implement #Pretoria_Agreement Amid rising tensions in Tigray and between Ethiopia and Eritrea, Lt. Gen. Tadesse Werede, president of the Tigray Interim Ad - Facebook#Ethiopia: #Tigray interim president warns of “visible cloud of war,” urges federal government to fully implement #Pretoria_Agreement Amid rising tensions in Tigray and between Ethiopia and Eritrea, Lt. Gen. Tadesse Werede, president of the Tigray Interim Ad  Facebook

TotalEnergies plans to sell service stations in Ethiopia and Eritrea - africabusinessplus.comTotalEnergies plans to sell service stations in Ethiopia and Eritrea  africabusinessplus.com

Ethiopia rules out conflict with Eritrea over Red Sea access - Al JazeeraEthiopia rules out conflict with Eritrea over Red Sea access  Al Jazeera

Eritrea: Awards to Outstanding Students in Central Region - ZAWYAEritrea: Awards to Outstanding Students in Central Region  ZAWYA

Using Science, Technology, and Innovation to deliver results for Eritrea – UN Technology Bank’s Visit to Eritrea - Welcome to the United NationsUsing Science, Technology, and Innovation to deliver results for Eritrea – UN Technology Bank’s Visit to Eritrea  Welcome to the United Nations

Eritrean president warns Ethiopia against war - TRT EspañolEritrean president warns Ethiopia against war  TRT Español

Indefinite Instability: Rule of Law in Eritrea - The Borgen ProjectIndefinite Instability: Rule of Law in Eritrea  The Borgen Project

Explainer: Why are Ethiopia and Eritrea on the brink of a possible war? - ReutersExplainer: Why are Ethiopia and Eritrea on the brink of a possible war?  Reuters

Ethiopia does not want war with Eritrea, says PM Abiy Ahmed - BBCEthiopia does not want war with Eritrea, says PM Abiy Ahmed  BBC

Unfulfilled Promises : Europe’s Joy and the Betrayal of Eritrea in the Wake of Fascist Defeat in World War II. - Modern DiplomacyUnfulfilled Promises : Europe’s Joy and the Betrayal of Eritrea in the Wake of Fascist Defeat in World War II.  Modern Diplomacy

Ethiopia’s Dangerous Descent: The Road to War with Eritrea After the Siege of Tigray - Modern DiplomacyEthiopia’s Dangerous Descent: The Road to War with Eritrea After the Siege of Tigray  Modern Diplomacy

Rethinking American Foreign Policy Toward Eritrea: The Need for Nuance - Modern DiplomacyRethinking American Foreign Policy Toward Eritrea: The Need for Nuance  Modern Diplomacy

Stop the Next Ethiopia-Eritrea War Before It Begins - Foreign PolicyStop the Next Ethiopia-Eritrea War Before It Begins  Foreign Policy

Investing in rural people in Eritrea - IFADInvesting in rural people in Eritrea  IFAD

Egypt, Eritrea discuss regional stability, Red Sea security - DailynewsegyptEgypt, Eritrea discuss regional stability, Red Sea security  Dailynewsegypt

How Eritrea is transforming dusty plains into misty dams - APAnews - Agence de Presse AfricaineHow Eritrea is transforming dusty plains into misty dams  APAnews - Agence de Presse Africaine

Ethiopia and Eritrea Slide Closer to War amid Tigray Upheaval - International Crisis GroupEthiopia and Eritrea Slide Closer to War amid Tigray Upheaval  International Crisis Group

Ethiopia Conflict Threatens to Create Another Challenge for Trump in Africa - American Enterprise InstituteEthiopia Conflict Threatens to Create Another Challenge for Trump in Africa  American Enterprise Institute

Germany: Police raids target Eritrean terror group - DWGermany: Police raids target Eritrean terror group  DW

Ethiopia: Afar nationalists see opportunity in Abiy’s tensions with Eritrea - The Africa Report.comEthiopia: Afar nationalists see opportunity in Abiy’s tensions with Eritrea  The Africa Report.com

Why Eritreans want Isak to remain at Newcastle - BBCWhy Eritreans want Isak to remain at Newcastle  BBC

Eritrea's conflicts also being fought out in Germany - DWEritrea's conflicts also being fought out in Germany  DW

Paramilitary drone hits Sudan airport near Eritrea: pro-army source - Arab NewsParamilitary drone hits Sudan airport near Eritrea: pro-army source  Arab News

Trump reverses Biden’s ‘negative’ policy toward Eritrea - APAnews - Agence de Presse AfricaineTrump reverses Biden’s ‘negative’ policy toward Eritrea  APAnews - Agence de Presse Africaine

Factors influencing attrition among adults in HIV care at two referral hospitals in northern coastal Eritrea from 2005 to 2021 | Scientific Reports - NatureFactors influencing attrition among adults in HIV care at two referral hospitals in northern coastal Eritrea from 2005 to 2021 | Scientific Reports  Nature

Ethiopia-Eritrea relations are becoming even more strained - Africa at LSE - The London School of Economics and Political ScienceEthiopia-Eritrea relations are becoming even more strained - Africa at LSE  The London School of Economics and Political Science

Mr. Osman Saleh Holds Talks with Indian Foreign Minister - Eritrea Ministry Of InformationMr. Osman Saleh Holds Talks with Indian Foreign Minister  Eritrea Ministry Of Information

Instrumentalizing Terror: The Long Arm of Transnational Repression in Eritrea and Algeria - African ArgumentsInstrumentalizing Terror: The Long Arm of Transnational Repression in Eritrea and Algeria  African Arguments

The Ximdo Gamble: TPLF-Eritrea Alliance and the Fragile Peace in Tigray and the Horn of Africa - IDN-InDepthNewsThe Ximdo Gamble: TPLF-Eritrea Alliance and the Fragile Peace in Tigray and the Horn of Africa  IDN-InDepthNews

UN Human Rights Council 58: UK Statement at the Enhanced Interactive Dialogue on Eritrea - GOV.UKUN Human Rights Council 58: UK Statement at the Enhanced Interactive Dialogue on Eritrea  GOV.UK

Congo, Chad, Eritrea, Sudan and Somalia hit by U.S. travel ban - africanews.comCongo, Chad, Eritrea, Sudan and Somalia hit by U.S. travel ban  africanews.com

Can Eritrea’s mining sector flourish under autocratic rule? - IntelliNewsCan Eritrea’s mining sector flourish under autocratic rule?  IntelliNews

Eritrea: Adopt a strong resolution extending the Special Rapporteur’s mandate - Global Centre for the Responsibility to ProtectEritrea: Adopt a strong resolution extending the Special Rapporteur’s mandate  Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect

Eritrea's President warns Ethiopia against renewed conflict amid rising regional tensions - africanews.comEritrea's President warns Ethiopia against renewed conflict amid rising regional tensions  africanews.com

Eritrea: Washington’s Surprising Partner in Africa’s Most Unstable Corner - Modern DiplomacyEritrea: Washington’s Surprising Partner in Africa’s Most Unstable Corner  Modern Diplomacy

Ethiopia and Eritrea on path to war, Tigray officials warn - ReutersEthiopia and Eritrea on path to war, Tigray officials warn  Reuters

Situation Report Horn of Africa: Eritrean opposition group announces armed struggle; Uganda-South Sudan forces clash; Kenya halts Eritrean refugee registration - IDN-InDepthNewsSituation Report Horn of Africa: Eritrean opposition group announces armed struggle; Uganda-South Sudan forces clash; Kenya halts Eritrean refugee registration  IDN-InDepthNews

Can Eritrea Be a Force for Stability After Its Dictator’s Fall? - Middle East ForumCan Eritrea Be a Force for Stability After Its Dictator’s Fall?  Middle East Forum

New Ge‘ez Missal to serve unity among Ethiopian, Eritrean Catholics - Vatican NewsNew Ge‘ez Missal to serve unity among Ethiopian, Eritrean Catholics  Vatican News

‘It was almost a relief when someone died’: former prisoners on the torture and terror of Eritrea’s secret prisons - The Guardian‘It was almost a relief when someone died’: former prisoners on the torture and terror of Eritrea’s secret prisons  The Guardian

Mourning Eritrean mother's anger at Kenyan migrant smugglers over Lake Turkana drowning - BBCMourning Eritrean mother's anger at Kenyan migrant smugglers over Lake Turkana drowning  BBC

European Union in Eritrea – MD Africa visits Asmara - EEASEuropean Union in Eritrea – MD Africa visits Asmara  EEAS

Facing homelessness: Eritrean refugee collective presses government over dire living conditions - RTL TodayFacing homelessness: Eritrean refugee collective presses government over dire living conditions  RTL Today

Conflict in Ethiopia | Global Conflict Tracker - Council on Foreign RelationsConflict in Ethiopia | Global Conflict Tracker  Council on Foreign Relations

Investing in rural people in Eritrea - ReliefWebInvesting in rural people in Eritrea  ReliefWeb

Ethiopia and Eritrea, On a Collision Course - International Crisis GroupEthiopia and Eritrea, On a Collision Course  International Crisis Group

‘It’s a step towards hope’: a refugee’s journey from wartorn Eritrea to the London Marathon - The Guardian‘It’s a step towards hope’: a refugee’s journey from wartorn Eritrea to the London Marathon  The Guardian

Donald Trump travel ban hits Chad, Eritrea, Libya, Somalia and six other African countries - BBCDonald Trump travel ban hits Chad, Eritrea, Libya, Somalia and six other African countries  BBC